by Jude Thaddeus Langeh | Feb 15, 2023 | Evangelium
THURSDAY 16 febRuary
SAINT DANIEL
Daniel and his four companions (Elias, Isaias, Jeremy and Samuel) were Egyptians who visited condemned Christians working in the mines of Cilicia during Maximus persecution, to comfort them. Apprehended, they were all tortured and then beheaded.
Entrance Antiphon: Cf. Ps 30: 3-4
Be my protector, O God, a mighty stronghold to save me. For you are my rock, my stronghold! Lead me, guide me, for the sake of your name.
Collect
O God, who teach us that you abide in hearts that are just and true, grant that we may be so fashioned by your grace as to become a dwelling pleasing to you. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever.
First reading: Genesis 9: 1-13
God blessed Noah and his sons, saying to them, “Be fruitful, multiply and fill the earth. Be the terror and the dread of all the wild beasts and all the birds of heaven, of everything that crawls on the ground and all the fish of the sea; they are handed over to you. Every living and crawling thing shall provide food for you, no less than the foliage of plants. I give you everything, with this exception: you must not eat flesh with life, that is to say blood, in it. I will demand an account of your life-blood. I will demand an account from every beast and from man. I will demand an account of every man’s life from his fellow men. He who sheds man’s blood shall have his blood shed by man, for in the image of God man was made. As for you, be fruitful, multiply, teem over the earth and be lord of it.” God spoke to Noah and his sons, “See, I establish my Covenant with you, and with your descendants after you; also with every living creature to be found with you, birds, cattle and every wild beast with you: everything that came out of the ark, everything that lives on the earth. I establish my Covenant with you: nothing of flesh shall be swept away again by the waters of the flood. There shall be no flood to destroy the earth again.” God said, “Here is the sign of the Covenant I make between myself and you and every living creature with you for all generations: I set my bow in the clouds and it shall be a sign of the Covenant between me and the earth.”
Psalm 101(102): 16-21, 29, 22-23
R/ The Lord looked down from heaven to the earth.
The nations shall fear the name of the Lord and all the earth’s kings your glory, when the Lord shall build up Zion again and appear in all his glory. Then he will turn to the prayers of the helpless; he will not despise their prayers.
Let this be written for ages to come that a people yet unborn may praise the Lord; for the Lord leaned down from his sanctuary on high. He looked down from heaven to the earth that he might hear the groans of the prisoners and free those condemned to die.
The sons of your servants shall dwell untroubled and their race shall endure before you that the name of the Lord may be proclaimed in Zion and his praise in the heart of Jerusalem, when peoples and kingdoms are gathered together to pay their homage to the Lord.
Gospel Acclamation: James1:18
Alleluia, alleluia! By his own choice, the Father made us his children by the message of the truth, so that we should be a sort of first-fruits of all that he created. Alleluia!
Gospel: Mark 8: 27-33
Jesus and his disciples left for the villages round Caesarea Philippi. On the way, he put this question to his disciples, “Who do people say I am?” And they told him. “John the Baptist,” they said. “Others, Elijah; others again, one of the prophets.” “But you,” he asked, “who do you say I am?” Peter spoke up and said to him, “You are the Christ.” And he gave them strict orders not to tell anyone about him. And he began to teach them that the Son of Man was destined to suffer grievously, to be rejected by the elders and the chief priests and the scribes, and to be put to death, and after three days to rise again; and he said all this quite openly. Then, taking him aside, Peter started to remonstrate with him. But, turning and seeing his disciples, he rebuked Peter and said to him, “Get behind me, Satan! Because the way you think is not God’s way but man’s.”
Prayer over the Offerings
May this oblation, O Lord, we pray, cleanse and renew us and may it become for those who do your will the source of eternal reward. Through Christ our Lord.
Communion Antiphon: Cf. Ps 77: 29-30
They ate and had their fill, and what they craved the Lord gave them; they were not disappointed in what they craved.
Prayer after Communion
Having fed upon these heavenly delights, we pray, O Lord, so that we may always long for that food by which we truly live. Through Christ our Lord.
Meditation
Believing in Jesus is a personal commitment for each of us. “But you, who do you say I am?” Each of us is personally called to profess what we believe Jesus is for us. Peter professes on behalf of his fellow disciples, who he believes Jesus to be: the Messiah. However, when Christ tells him of the coming scandal of his cross, death and resurrection, Peter no longer adheres to him with confidence. Worse still, he tries, like the Devil, to dissuade Jesus from the prospect of his mission designed for him by God, his Father. Jesus, apostrophizing Satan, commands Peter to go behind him, since it is up to him, the disciple, to follow the Master and not the other way round. This is how he rebukes us when our faith refuses the scandal of the cross with him, and we try to escape it. May we bravely profess and bear our faith in Christ, accepting the vision of the cross with Him.
by Jude Thaddeus Langeh | Feb 14, 2023 | Agenda Biblique
mercredi 15 FEVRIER
SAINT Claude La Colombière
Jésuite, ce confesseur de sainte Marguerite-Marie Alacoque à Paray-le-Monial est convaincu de l’authenticité des apparitions et des confidences dont elle est l’objet, et il en rédige le récit. Après un séjour en Grande-Bretagne au cours duquel, jeté en prison lors de la vague de persécutions anticatholiques de 1678, il perd la santé, il revient à Paray-le-Monial d’où il est rappelé à Dieu.
Antienne d’ouverture : Ps 30, 3-4
Seigneur, sois le rocher qui m’abrite, la maison bien défendue qui me sauve. Pour l’honneur de ton nom guide-moi, conduis-moi.
Prière d’ouverture
Dieu qui veux habiter les cœurs droits et sincères, donne-nous de vivre selon ta grâce, alors tu pourras venir en nous pour y faire ta demeure. Par Jésus.
1ère lecture : Gn 8, 6-13.20-22
Au bout de quarante jours, Noé ouvrit la fenêtre de l’arche qu’il avait construite, et il lâcha le corbeau ; celui-ci fit des allers et retours, jusqu’à ce que les eaux se soient retirées, laissant la terre à sec. Noé lâcha aussi la colombe pour voir si les eaux avaient baissé à la surface du sol. La colombe ne trouva pas d’endroit où se poser, et elle revint vers l’arche auprès de lui, parce que les eaux étaient sur toute la surface de la terre ; Noé tendit la main, prit la colombe, et la fit rentrer auprès de lui dans l’arche. Il attendit encore sept jours, et lâcha de nouveau la colombe hors de l’arche. Vers le soir, la colombe revint, et voici qu’il y avait dans son bec un rameau d’olivier tout frais ! Noé comprit ainsi que les eaux avaient baissé sur la terre. Il attendit encore sept autres jours et lâcha la colombe, qui, cette fois-ci, ne revint plus vers lui. C’est en l’an six cent un de la vie de Noé, au premier mois, le premier jour du mois, que les eaux s’étaient retirées, laissant la terre à sec. Noé enleva le toit de l’arche, et regarda : et voici que la surface du sol était sèche. Noé bâtit un autel au Seigneur ; il prit, parmi tous les animaux purs et tous les oiseaux purs, des victimes qu’il offrit en holocauste sur l’autel. Le Seigneur respira l’agréable odeur, et il se dit en lui-même : « Jamais plus je ne maudirai le sol à cause de l’homme : le cœur de l’homme est enclin au mal dès sa jeunesse, mais jamais plus je ne frapperai tous les vivants comme je l’ai fait. Tant que la terre durera, semailles et moissons, froidure et chaleur, été et hiver, jour et nuit jamais ne cesseront. »
Psaume : 116, 12-13, 14-15, 18-19
R/ Seigneur, je t’offrirai le sacrifice d’action de grâce.
Ou : Alléluia !
Comment rendrai-je au Seigneur tout le bien qu’il m’a fait ? J’élèverai la coupe du salut, j’invoquerai le nom du Seigneur.
Je tiendrai mes promesses au Seigneur, oui, devant tout son peuple. Il en coûte au Seigneur de voir mourir les siens !
Je tiendrai mes promesses au Seigneur, oui, devant tout son peuple, à l’entrée de la maison du Seigneur, au milieu de Jérusalem !
Acclamation
Alléluia, alléluia ! Que le Père de notre Seigneur Jésus Christ ouvre à sa lumière les yeux de notre cœur, pour que nous percevions l’espérance que donne son appel. Alléluia. (cf. Ep 1, 17-18)
Évangile : Mc 8, 22-26
En ce temps-là, Jésus et ses disciples arrivèrent à Bethsaïde. Des gens lui amènent un aveugle et le supplient de le toucher. Jésus prit l’aveugle par la main et le conduisit hors du village. Il lui mit de la salive sur les yeux et lui imposa les mains. Il lui demandait: « Aperçois-tu quelque chose ? » Levant les yeux, l’homme disait : « J’aperçois les gens : ils ressemblent à des arbres que je vois marcher.» Puis Jésus, de nouveau, imposa les mains sur les yeux de l’homme ; celui-ci se mit à voir normalement, il se trouva guéri, et il distinguait tout avec netteté. Jésus le renvoya dans sa maison en disant: « Ne rentre même pas dans le village. »
Prière sur les offrandes
Que cette eucharistie, Seigneur notre Dieu, nous purifie et nous renouvelle ; Qu’elle donne à ceux qui font ta volonté le bonheur que tu leur as promis. Par Jésus.
Antienne de la communion : Ps 77, 29-30
Le Seigneur combla le désir de son peuple: ils mangèrent et ils furent rassasiés, leur attente ne fut pas trompée.
Prière après la communion
Tu nous as donné, Seigneur, de goûter aux joies du ciel: Fais que nous ayons toujours soif des sources de la vraie vie. Par Jésus.
Méditation
La discrétion dans laquelle Jésus ouvre miraculeusement les yeux de l’aveugle doit nous inspirer, lorsque nous décidons de faire du bien à quelqu’un. Pas besoin de sonner les cloches et d’attirer l’attention des autres sur nous-mêmes, quand nous faisons du bien à quelqu’un. Par un effet de sa grâce, Jésus ouvre progressivement les yeux de cet aveugle, jusqu’à ce qu’il voit nettement. C’est ainsi qu’il nous désaveugle peu à peu, en nous faisant la grâce de la foi. Et, puisque c’est lui qui fit voir à l’aveugle la réalité, c’est aussi lui qui nous fait la voir avec clarté et lucidité, d’un regard de foi. Ce regard nouveau que Noé et les siens posèrent sur le monde, une fois sortis de l’arche après le déluge. Puissions-nous poser, sur les réalités de ce monde, ce regard renouvelé par la foi et la conversion.
by Jude Thaddeus Langeh | Feb 14, 2023 | Evangelium
WEDNESDAY 15 febRuary
SAINT WALFRID
He was born in Pisa. He married and had five sons and at least one daughter. After a time, they decided to follow the Benedictine Rule of Monte Casino. St. Walfrid’s cultus was confirmed in 1861.
Entrance Antiphon: Cf. Ps 30: 3-4
Be my protector, O God, a mighty stronghold to save me. For you are my rock, my stronghold! Lead me, guide me, for the sake of your name.
Collect
O God, who teach us that you abide in hearts that are just and true, grant that we may be so fashioned by your grace as to become a dwelling pleasing to you. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever.
First reading: Genesis 8: 6-13, 20-22
At the end of forty days Noah opened the porthole he had made in the ark and he sent out the raven. This went off, and flew back and forth until the waters dried up from the earth. Then he sent out the dove, to see whether the waters were receding from the surface of the earth. The dove, finding nowhere to perch, returned to him in the ark, for there was water over the whole surface of the earth; putting out his hand he took hold of it and brought it back into the ark with him. After waiting seven more days, again he sent out the dove from the ark. In the evening, the dove came back to him and there it was with a new olive-branch in its beak. So Noah realised that the waters were receding from the earth. After waiting seven more days he sent out the dove, and now it returned to him no more. It was in the six hundred and first year of Noah’s life, in the first month and on the first of the month, that the water dried up from the earth. Noah lifted back the hatch of the ark and looked out. The surface of the ground was dry! Noah built an altar for the Lord, and choosing from all the clean animals and all the clean birds he offered burnt offerings on the altar. The Lord smelt the appeasing fragrance and said to himself, “Never again will I curse the earth because of man, because his heart contrives evil from his infancy. Never again will I strike down every living thing as I have done. As long as earth lasts, sowing and reaping, cold and heat, summer and winter, day and night shall cease no more.”
Psalm 115(116):12-15,18-19
R/ A thanksgiving sacrifice I make to you, O Lord.
How can I repay the Lord for his goodness to me? The cup of salvation I will raise; I will call on the Lord’s name.
My vows to the Lord I will fulfil before all his people. O precious in the eyes of the Lord is the death of his faithful.
My vows to the Lord I will fulfil before all his people, in the courts of the house of the Lord, in your midst, O Jerusalem.
Gospel Acclamation: Ps 118: 105
Alleluia, alleluia! Your word is a lamp for my steps and a light for my path. Alleluia!
Gospel: Mark 8: 22-26
Jesus and his disciples came to Bethsaida, and some people brought to him a blind man whom they begged him to touch. He took the blind man by the hand and led him outside the village. Then putting spittle on his eyes and laying his hands on him, he asked, “Can you see anything?” The man, who was beginning to see, replied, “I can see people; they look like trees to me, but they are walking about.” Then he laid his hands on the man’s eyes again and he saw clearly; he was cured, and he could see everything plainly and distinctly. And Jesus sent him home, saying, “Do not even go into the village.”
Prayer over the Offerings
May this oblation, O Lord, we pray, cleanse and renew us and may it become for those who do your will the source of eternal reward. Through Christ our Lord.
Communion Antiphon: Cf. Ps 77: 29-30
They ate and had their fill, and what they craved the Lord gave them; they were not disappointed in what they craved.
Prayer after Communion
Having fed upon these heavenly delights, we pray, O Lord, so that we may always long for that food by which we truly live. Through Christ our Lord.
Meditation
The discretion with which Jesus miraculously opens the eyes of the blind man should inspire us when we decide to do good to someone. There is no need to ring bells and draw attention to ourselves when we make a kind act. Progressively, by his grace, Jesus opens the eyes of this blind man until he sees clearly. In the same way, he gradually opens our eyes, giving us the grace of faith. Since he made the blind man see reality, he also makes us see the world clearly and lucidly with the eyes of faith. This is the new way of looking at the world; seeing it differently just the way Noah and his people did when they left the ark after the flood. May we look at the realities of this world with such renewed vision of faith and conversion.
by Jude Thaddeus Langeh | Feb 13, 2023 | Agenda Biblique
mardi 14 FEVRIER
SAINTS Cyrille, Moine
Méthode, Evêque
Natifs de Thessalonique, Méthode, un ancien fonctionnaire impérial, et son jeune frère Constantin, le futur Cyrille, s’étaient faits moines avant d’être envoyés par Byzance auprès des peuples slaves. Pour ceux-ci, ils traduisirent en slavon la Bible et les livres liturgiques, et inventèrent à cet effet l’alphabet dit ‘’cyrillique’’. Ils se heurtèrent à l’opposition de missionnaires de rite latin qui les dénoncèrent au pape à cause de leur emploi de la langue vivante.
Antienne d’ouverture : Ps 30, 3-4
Seigneur, sois le rocher qui m’abrite, la maison bien défendue qui me sauve. Pour l’honneur de ton nom guide-moi, conduis-moi.
Prière d’ouverture
Dieu qui veut habiter les cœurs droits et sincères, donne-nous de vivre selon ta grâce, alors tu pourras venir en nous pour y faire ta demeure. Par Jésus.
1ère lecture : Gn 6, 5-8 ; 7, 1-5.10
Le Seigneur vit que la méchanceté de l’homme était grande sur la terre, et que toutes les pensées de son cœur se portaient uniquement vers le mal à longueur de journée. Le Seigneur se repentit d’avoir fait l’homme sur la terre ; il s’irrita en son cœur et il dit : « Je vais effacer de la surface du sol les hommes que j’ai créés – et non seulement les hommes mais aussi les bestiaux, les bestioles et les oiseaux du ciel – car je me repens de les avoir faits.» Mais Noé trouva grâce aux yeux du Seigneur. Le Seigneur dit à Noé: « Entre dans l’arche, toi et toute ta famille, car j’ai vu qu’au sein de cette génération, devant moi, tu es juste. De tous les animaux purs, tu prendras sept mâles et sept femelles; des animaux qui ne sont pas purs, tu en prendras deux, un mâle et une femelle ; et de même des oiseaux du ciel, sept mâles et sept femelles, pour que leur race continue à vivre à la surface de la terre. Encore sept jours, en effet, et je vais faire tomber la pluie sur la terre, pendant quarante jours et quarante nuits ; j’effacerai de la surface du sol tous les êtres que j’ai faits. » Noé fit tout ce que le Seigneur lui avait ordonné. Sept jours plus tard, les eaux du déluge étaient sur la terre.
Psaume : 29, 1-2, 3ac-4, 3b.9c-10
R/ Le Seigneur bénit son peuple en lui donnant la paix.
Rendez au Seigneur, vous, les dieux, rendez au Seigneur gloire et puissance. Rendez au Seigneur la gloire de son nom, adorez le Seigneur, éblouissant de sainteté.
La voix du Seigneur domine les eaux, le Seigneur domine la masse des eaux. Voix du Seigneur dans sa force, voix du Seigneur qui éblouit.
Le Dieu de la gloire déchaîne le tonnerre, Et tous dans son temple s’écrient : « Gloire ! » Au déluge le Seigneur a siégé ; il siège, le Seigneur, il est roi pour toujours !
Acclamation
Alléluia, alléluia ! Si quelqu’un m’aime, il gardera ma parole, dit le Seigneur ; mon Père l’aimera, et nous viendrons vers lui Alléluia. (Jn 14, 23)
Évangile : Mc 8, 14-21
En ce temps-là, les disciples avaient oublié d’emporter des pains ; ils n’avaient qu’un seul pain avec eux dans la barque. Or Jésus leur faisait cette recommandation: « Attention! Prenez garde au levain des pharisiens et au levain d’Hérode! » Mais ils discutaient entre eux sur ce manque de pains. Jésus s’en rend compte et leur dit : « Pourquoi discutez- vous sur ce manque de pains ? Vous ne saisissez pas ? Vous ne comprenez pas encore ? Vous avez le cœur endurci ? Vous avez des yeux et vous ne voyez pas, vous avez des oreilles et vous n’entendez pas ! Vous ne vous rappelez pas ? Quand j’ai rompu les cinq pains pour cinq mille personnes, combien avez-vous ramassé de paniers pleins de morceaux ? » Ils lui répondirent : « Douze. – Et quand j’en ai rompu sept pour quatre mille, combien avez-vous rempli de corbeilles en ramassant les morceaux ? » Ils lui répondirent: « Sept. » Il leur disait : « Vous ne comprenez pas encore ? »
Prière sur les offrandes
Que cette eucharistie, Seigneur notre Dieu, nous purifie et nous renouvelle ; Qu’elle donne à ceux qui font ta volonté le bonheur que tu leur as promis. Par Jésus.
Antienne de la communion : Ps 77, 29-30
Le Seigneur combla le désir de son peuple : ils mangèrent et ils furent rassasiés, leur attente ne fut pas trompée
Prière après la communion
Tu nous as donné, Seigneur, de goûter aux joies du ciel : Fais que nous ayons toujours soif des sources de la vraie vie. Par Jésus.
Méditation
Il en coûte au Seigneur de voir nos cœurs incrédules et endurcis. Les cœurs des disciples de Jésus étaient encore si incrédules que, dans le manque de pain, ils étaient troublés. Et pourtant le Seigneur avait bien des fois multiplié du pain sous leurs yeux. Que de fois le Seigneur a fait pour nous de grandes choses, des merveilles ! Et pourtant, pour peu que nous soyons éprouvés par le manque, nous oublions tout cela et nous nous laissons troubler. Les cœurs des contemporains de Noé étaient si endurcis à faire le mal qu’ils ne s’en repentirent pas. Malgré que le Seigneur s’était montré patient et clément envers eux. Vivement que nous n’abusions pas comme eux de la mansuétude du Seigneur, en choisissant de nous obstiner à faire le mal au lieu de nous convertir. La fermeture du cœur au Seigneur, c’est-à-dire le refus de croire et de se convertir, ne peut qu’entraîner notre propre ruine. Gardons-nous en.
by Jude Thaddeus Langeh | Feb 13, 2023 | Evangelium
TUESDAY 14 febRuary
SAINT Cyril, Monk, and
SAINT Methodius, Bishop
Methodius was born in Thessalonica. With his brother Cyril he went to Moravia to preach the faith. They translated liturgical texts and invented the Glagolithic and the Cyrillic alphabet. He died in 885.
Entrance Antiphon
These are holy men who became friends of God, glorious heralds of divine truth.
Collect
O God, who enlightened the Slavic peoples through the brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius, grant that our hearts may grasp the words of your teaching, and perfect us as a people of one accord in true faith and right confession. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever.
First reading: Genesis 6: 5-8, 7: 1-5, 10
The Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great on the earth, and that the thoughts in his heart fashioned nothing but wickedness all day long. The Lord regretted having made man on the earth, and his heart grieved. “I will rid the earth’s face of man, my own creation,” the Lord said, “and of animals also, reptiles too, and the birds of heaven; for I regret having made them.” But Noah had found favour with the Lord. The Lord said to Noah, “Go aboard the ark, you and all your household, for you alone among this generation do I see as a good man in my judgement. Of all the clean animals you must take seven of each kind, both male and female; of the unclean animals you must take two, a male and its female (and of the birds of heaven also, seven of each kind, both male and female), to propagate their kind over the whole earth. For in seven days’ time I mean to make it rain on the earth for forty days and nights, and I will rid the earth of every living thing that I made.” Noah did all that the Lord ordered. Seven days later the waters of the flood appeared on the earth.
Psalm 28(29): 1-4, 9-10
R/ The Lord will bless his people with peace.
O give the Lord, you sons of God, give the Lord glory and power; give the Lord the glory of his name. Adore the Lord in his holy court.
The Lord’s voice resounding on the waters, the Lord on the immensity of waters; the voice of the Lord, full of power, the voice of the Lord, full of splendour.
The God of glory thunders. In his temple they all cry: ‘Glory!’ The Lord sat enthroned over the flood; the Lord sits as king for ever.
Gospel Acclamation: cf. Ac 16: 14
Alleluia, alleluia! Open our heart, O Lord, to accept the words of your Son. Alleluia!
Gospel: Mark 8: 14-21
The disciples had forgotten to take any food and they had only one loaf with them in the boat. Then he gave them this warning, “Keep your eyes open; be on your guard against the yeast of the Pharisees and the yeast of Herod.” And they said to one another, “It is because we have no bread.” And Jesus knew it, and he said to them, “Why are you talking about having no bread? Do you not yet understand? Have you no perception? Are your minds closed? Have you eyes that do not see, ears that do not hear? Or do you not remember? When I broke the five loaves among the five thousand, how many baskets full of scraps did you collect?” They answered, “Twelve.” “And when I broke the seven loaves for the four thousand, how many baskets full of scraps did you collect?” And they answered, “Seven.” Then he said to them, “Are you still without perception?”
Prayer over the Offerings
Look, O Lord, upon the offerings which we bring before your majesty in commemoration of Saints Cyril and Methodius, and grant that these gifts may become the sign of a new humanity, reconciled to you in loving charity. Through Christ our Lord.
Communion Antiphon: Cf. Mk 16: 20
The disciples went forth and preached the Gospel, while the Lord worked with them, confirming the word through accompanying signs.
Prayer after Communion
O God, Father of all nations, who make us sharers in the one Bread and the one Spirit and heirs of the eternal banquet, grant in your kindness on this feast day of Saints Cyril and Methodius, that the multitude of your children, persevering in the same faith, may be united in building up the Kingdom of justice and peace. Through Christ our Lord.
Meditation
It hurts the Lord to see our unbelieving and hardened hearts. The hearts of Jesus’ disciples were still so unbelieving that they were troubled by the lack of bread. Yet the Lord had many times multiplied bread before their eyes. Oh, how many times the Lord has done great things for us, wonders! And yet, if we are tested by ‘hunger’, we forget all that and allow ourselves to be troubled. The hearts of Noah’s contemporaries were so comfortable with their complacence that they did not repent even though the Lord was patient and merciful to them. Let us not abuse the Lord’s mercy as they did, choosing to persist in doing evil instead of being converted. Closing our hearts to the Lord, that is, refusing to believe and to repent of our sins, can only lead to our ruin. We must be on guard against.
